19/11/2020
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HOCL as an antimicrobial
November 11, 2018
Topical antimicrobials are frequently used in conjunction with treatment and surgery to prevent and reduce the likelihood of infection. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is naturally occurring and its benefits has been well documented. The use and safety of HOCl as an antimicrobial in healthcare settings is supported by available evidence.
In the human body, cells produce hypochlorous acid – which helps destroy bacteria – thus making HOCl a naturally occurring chemical. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a weak acid consisting of reactive oxidizing molecules that include hypochlorous acid and peroxide. This evolutionary response of white blood cells has allowed them to combine hydrogen peroxide and an enzyme known as myeloperoxidase to produce HOCl which safely and effectively eradicates any known pathogen in nature. HOCl has enabled our biology (i) to eradicate every pathogen by dissociating into different oxidative molecules each with a distinct mode of action and capability to eradicate pathogens (ii) while remaining safe to mammalian cells through the entire biological process and (iii) not promoting the emergence of newly resistant bacteria.
HOCl is a potent antimicrobial capable of eradicating bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains, viruses, fungi, and spores. For more than 25 years the technology has been used worldwide primarily for the mechanical cleansing and debridement of wounds. “Chlorine-containing biocides are widely used for the decontamination of surfaces, usually in the form of hypochlorite (ClO−), being inexpensive to produce and having proven antimicrobial activity”. Applications of aqueous solutions containing approximately 30-2500 ppm (.003% to 0.25%) HOCl are in a variety of areas including (but not limited to) wound care4, as antimicrobial agents5, as anti-allergen agents6, dental care7 and there are also significant applications in water treatments8, food sanitization9, and hard surface disinfection10, oil drilling11 and cosmetics12
Mode of Action
When water and sodium hypochlorite interact, they produce Na+ and OCl− in an equilibrium with hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Th pH affects the predominance of HOCl or OCl− in solution. As [insert citation paper] states that chlorine exists primarily as hypochlorous acid between pH 4 and 7, as opposed to hypochlorite being the most prevalent above pH 9.
Hypochlorous acid is the active component responsible for bacterial disruption by chlorine-releasing agents (CRAs). It is understood that the OCl− ion has little effect compared to undissolved HOCl.
Hypochlorous acid indiscreetly targets bacteria by chemically linking (or attaching) chlorine atoms to nucleotide bases that disrupt the function of bacterial DNA, impede metabolic pathways in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, and release energy, and other membrane-associated activities. At certain concentrations, HOCl eradicates spores and viruses. As a sporicide, HOCl causes the spore coat to detach from the cortex, where further degradation occurs.[e1] According to Springthorpe, “CRAs also possess virucidal activity”. HOCl is an effective virucidal when fogging a confined space. Park et al describes how “Exposing virus-contaminated carriers of ceramic tile (porous) and stainless steel (nonporous) to 20 to 200 ppm of HOCl solution resulted in ≥99.9% (≥3 log10) reductions of both infectivity and RNA titers of tested viruses within 10 min of exposure time. HOCl fogged in a confined space reduced the infectivity and RNA titers of NV, murine NV, and MS2 on these carriers by at least 99.9% (3 log10), regardless of carrier location and orientation. We conclude that HOCl solution as a liquid or fog is likely to be effective in disinfecting common settings to reduce NV exposures and thereby control virus spread via fomites”
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Toxicity
Toxicity, flammability and compatibility of materials should be considered in selecting an appropriate disinfectant. For environmental decontamination applications within habitable spaces, clearly certain biocides are too toxic (e.g., phenolics and glutaraldehyde) or flammable (e.g., alcohols) or have the potential to leave unwanted residues on surfaces (e.g., iodophors). Hypochlorous is not flammable and not known to release harsh chemicals. Hypochlorous acid should not be mixed with ammonia-based products, as chloramines can be released.
EPA Approved Marketing Claims
The Environmental Protection Agency approved marketing claims in 2017 for Lysol’s Daily Cleanser (owned by Reckitt Benckiser), a hypochlorous acid product with the following ingredients, water (99.813%), salt (0.17%), Hypochlorous acid (0.017%). Lysol’s approved marketing claims exhibit it’s product to be gentle with no harsh vapors, safe for babies and pets, and suitable for medical applications.
Suitable (for use) as a (peroxide alternative)
Breaks Down to Saline Solution
(Breathe Easy:) (Fragrance Free) (No Harsh Fumes) (No Harsh Chemicals)
Leaves no harsh (chemical) residue
No harsh (chemical(s)) (residue) (left) (behind)
A (gentle) (mild) way to clean
No rinsing (necessary) (required)
For use in (newborn) nurseries
For use in neonatal nurseries
No harm after pet contact with product
Fragrance Free, won’t irritate your dog’s nose
No harsh fumes to irritate (pet) (dog) noses
(Gentle) (Mild) (enough) to use on any washable hard, non-porous surface
Acute Oral Toxicity
A 2-year study by the National Toxicology Program was initiated to determine the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity associated with extended, direct exposure to chlorinated water or indirect chemical exposure through the formation of by-products. This study is cited for its completeness. Water containing 0, 70, 140, or 275 ppm chlorine (based on available atomic chlorine) was given to both female and male rats and mice. Further, water containing 50, 100, or 200 ppm chloramine was administered to rats and mice of both sexes for 2 years as well. The study noted that survival among treated rats and mice was similar to controls. The Environmental Protection Agency used NTP study to develop an oral Reference Dose (RfD) for chlorine. In the EPA’s Rfd report, they clarify that “the term “free chlorine” (free available chlorine, free residual chlorine) refers to the concentrations of elemental chlorine, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion that collectively occur in water.” A No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was identified by the EPA, which states “the NOAEL of 275 ppm (13.6 or 14.4 mg/kg-day for male and female rats, respectively)”. Another hypochlorous acid study was performed that exposed rats to 14 mg/kg-day for up to 12 months (Abdel-Rahman et al. 1984). A NOAEL of 14 mg/kg-day was identified for this study. No mortality was observed.
