03/30/2025
Amazing the history you discover by randomly following a historic road marker…
Saint Francis Xavier Church was founded by Father Thomas Mansell, S.J. in 1704. It is one of the earliest Catholic establishments in the English Colonies and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Since the church is the oldest institution in the area that now comprises the Catholic Diocese of Wilmington, Old Bohemia is truly the Mother Church of the Wilmington diocese
The plantation was clandestinely established to minister to the scattered Catholics throughout what is now Cecil County, MD, the entire Delmarva Peninsula, and southeastern PA when Catholicism was outlawed in the English Colonies. Maryland Colony’s laws during this period and until after the American Revolution prohibited the building of Catholic churches and schools, and the holding of public office by Catholics. Wealthy families often had chapels in their homes where horse circuit-riding priests would periodically come to offer Mass.
The income from the plantation supported the priests’ secret mission stations and educational activities. The Jesuits planted to***co and other crops and ran a water-powered grist mill and a sawmill on the Bohemia River that crosses the property. Also on the plantation was a kiln for making bricks, a carpenter and a blacksmith shop, an ice house and various farm buildings typical of such a large operation.
In 1745, Fr. Thomas Poulton, S.J. started a school for boys, Bohemia Academy, and it lasted about 10 years. The school was most likely located in front of the present rectory. Among the pupils who attended the school was John Carroll, the first Catholic bishop in the United States. He is listed in school records as “Jacky” Carroll. Bishop Carroll founded Georgetown University in 1789.
Old Bohemia was the wellspring of Christian tolerance whereby the Jesuit Fathers carried out their missionary work into the surrounding territory and beyond. Old St. Joseph Church on Willing’s Alley in Philadelphia, PA was established in 1733. The first Catholic church in Delaware, St. Mary’s at Coffee Run (Hockessin), DE was built in 1772. Old St. Peter’s on Barclay Street, New York City, NY was founded in 1785. The priests who served at St. Francis Xavier also established other churches throughout the area including St. Joseph in Cordova, MD (1765); Immaculate Conception in Elkton, MD (1849); St. Rose of Lima in Chesapeake City, MD (1874) and St. Joseph’s in Middletown, DE (1883).
The Jesuits left the Old Bohemia in 1898 and gave the property to the Diocese of Wilmington. In 1929, during the Depression, the Diocese lost the property and St. Francis Xavier Church and rectory were left abandoned to the elements.
The buildings at Old Bohemia suffered serious deterioration due to having been unused for so many years. In 1953, the Old Bohemia Historical Society was formed by a Catholic, a Quaker and a Methodist who purchased the property's core 120 acres with the goal to restore and maintain the historic site.