02/06/2026
Today is the second of June.
In Italy, it is the Festa della Repubblica, the Republic Day. It is the most important civic holiday on the Italian calendar and most Americans have never heard of it. So allow us a quiet moment, from Florence, to share what happened on this day.
The year was 1946. The country was asked, by referendum, to choose: keep the king, or become a republic.
The vote was held on the second and third of June. Twelve million seven hundred thousand Italians voted for the republic. Ten million seven hundred thousand voted to keep the monarchy. The margin was decisive but not overwhelming, north of Rome, the republic won handily; in the south, the king kept his support. The Italy that emerged was, from its first day, a country still finding its agreement with itself.
But the more profound fact about that referendum is one that even many Italians forget to mention.
It was the first national vote in the history of Italy in which women cast a ballot.
For a country that had existed as a unified state since 1861, this was, to put it mildly, overdue. But it happened in a single day, on this day, alongside the birth of the republic itself.
Twenty-one women would be elected that summer to the Constituent Assembly, the body charged with drafting the Italian Constitution. They sat alongside 535 men. They argued for paragraphs. They wrote clauses on equality, on family, on dignity, on labor.
The Italy that most travelers experience today, with its women running great vineyards and Michelin restaurants, its nonne who insist that their granddaughters will go to university, its constitution that opens with the words Italy is a democratic republic founded on labor, was drafted, in part, by them.
Umberto II of Savoy, the last king of Italy, had reigned for thirty-four days. He left the country on the 13th of June 1946, took a flight to Lisbon, and never set foot in Italy again, not even in death. He died in Geneva in 1983, having spent thirty-seven years in exile, and was buried in a small abbey in the French Alps. Only in 2017, after a long campaign, were the remains of his wife Queen Marie José finally allowed back into Italy.
A republic, in other words, that was born with a king walking out and women walking in.
Every second of June, the Italian Air Force flies its acrobatic team, the Frecce Tricolori, the tricolor arrows, low over the Altare della Patria in Rome, leaving long trails of green, white, and red smoke across the sky above the Colosseum. The President of the Republic lays a wreath at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The military parade descends the Via dei Fori Imperiali. The whole thing lasts perhaps ninety minutes, and the city pauses for it.
It is, we always think, one of the most cinematic civic moments in Europe and one of the least known to travelers.
🇮🇹 Buona Festa della Repubblica.